How we ranked them
We modelled each car at 15,000 km/year, 5-year ownership, 20% deposit and a typical European insurance premium for a 35-year-old driver in a mid-cost region. We added depreciation (the biggest single line item), fuel or charging at country-average prices, scheduled maintenance and a winter-tyre set.
What makes a car cheap to own?
It's almost never the brochure price. Slow depreciation, common parts, simple mechanicals, low insurance group and decent fuel economy beat a low MSRP every time. That's why Toyota and Skoda keep showing up: boring spec sheets, brilliant cost curves.
